mike andresenGrapevine Runway Painting Complete 

 

By Mike Andresen 

 

The Grapevine runway now has painted restricted markings, CTAF, and runway numbers! This is the result of a number of volunteers from APA and the Phoenix 99's dedicating their time to make this happen. The effort started with me creating the engineering drawings of the numbering and lettering based on FAA guidance. Then a volunteer team surveyed the placement of the markings and stenciled the numbers and letters onto the runway. Then we had the big painting party! Fourteen volunteers, including five members of the Phoenix 99's, formed three work teams. Paul and Charlie provided water and snacks for the work crew. Nancy (of the 99's) drove in and helped haul water out to the paint crews for mixing with the paint. Mike led one team to finish the stenciling of the runway numbers. Tommy, who flew in all the paint and supplies, led another team painting the midfield lettering. Jeff, who flew in a paint sprayer, led the third team and spray painted the numbers at each end of the runway. Thank you to everyone that pitched in to make this happen!

This was the last requirement of the USFS before the Grapevine can formally open full time, with a few restrictions, later this spring! 

 

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Now that you have reached your cruise altitude, you can switch off the fasten seatbelt sign and take a moment to relax. If you are in a technologically advanced airplane, or carrying a tablet, you are probably looking at multi-colored LCDs throwing all sorts of information at you. My Electronic Flight Information System has readouts of fuel flow, range, miles-per-gallon and indicated/true/ground speeds. Is there a way to minimize fuel flow, maximize MPG, and maximize airspeed all at once? Probably not, but we will explore the factors effecting each and some other performance metrics that we may not normally think about.

 

Maximum Time Aloft

The airplane's time aloft or endurance is its fuel on board (gal) divided by fuel flow (gph). To maximize time aloft, one must maximize fuel capacity and minimize fuel flow. Fuel flow is minimized by using the least amount of power to sustain flight. This is the bottom of the power required for level flight curve. On an endurance flight, as fuel is consumed and the airplane weight decreases the minimum power required will decrease and the throttle can be reduced. To fly for maximum endurance, you will be flying really slow, at or near your Vx speed, so this is rarely done in general aviation. An example of when this would be useful is on an observation mission where the airplane needs to remain on station for the longest possible time.

 

Best Miles per Gallon, Best Range Speed

This probably gets your attention because now we are talking about saving money. The best miles per gallon will result in the maximum range of the airplane. Another way to express it is that this cruise speed will use the least amount of fuel for a given trip distance. The fuel used on a trip depends on fuel flow and the time it takes to make the trip. So now we need to minimize fuel flow (keep power low) but make the trip fast enough to use as little fuel as possible (keep power high!). The middle ground is found at the bottom of the L/D curve of the airplane and is close to, if not the same as, the Vy speed. In the interest of saving fuel, we get to fly a little faster but still at a relatively slow airspeed.

 

Best Speed per Gallon

Optimum cruise speed was derived by B.H. Carson of the U.S. Naval Academy in 1980. For those of you that can remember back that far, this was after the oil embargo. Suddenly the country was focused on the fuel efficiency of cars and airplanes. Carson addressed the question of using miles-per-gallon as the optimizing metric for airplanes. He noted that for airplanes the speed for optimum fuel efficiency was quite slow and utilized only a small percentage of the airplane's available horse power. Instead he derived a new metric, the optimum cruise speed which maximizes the speed of the airplane relative to fuel flow. It is the best speed per gallon-per-hour ratio that can be achieved. The optimum cruise speed that he derived is 1.32 times the best miles-per gallon speed. It is a bit more practical than flying at best range speed.

 

Here are the V speeds discussed in this article derived from the performance charts I measured during the flight test period of my RV-10. The blue line is the thrust required for level flight and is read from the axis on the left in pounds. The red line is the power required for level flight and is read from the vertical axis on the right in horsepower. The maximum endurance speed is a very slow 70 KIAS and only requires 57 horsepower from the 260 horsepower engine. The maximum range speed is 90 KIAS and requires about 100 horsepower. The optimum cruise speed is 120 KIAS, still somewhat slow, but better, and requires around 120 horse power - still only 46% power.

 

Next month we will discuss how to determine these performance curves for an airplane through flight testing.

 

Comments   

Robert Meyer
#1 Robert Meyer 2017-04-20 14:26
Great!! Thanks APA for contributing so much!
Steve Buell
#2 Steve Buell 2017-04-29 02:39
Looks great everyone! We all will benefit from your hard work. Thanks

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